黄金空间展示位: | | 空间联盟总部 | 卜卜趣多多 | 空位 | 如何申请?新人必读 | 空间工具 | +教你如何通过点击邮件赚钱+热门分会 | 雁来红 | 苏州市 | 上海市 | 北京市 | 日本
发新话题
打印

每日英语学习 (不断填加中...!)

------------------>上网也能赚小钱<------------------
4. 形容词和副词

4.1 形容词及其用法

  形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常, 可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。

1) 直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot 热的。

2) 叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid 害怕的。
   (错) He is an ill man.
   (对) The man is ill.
   (错) She is an afraid girl.
   (对) The girl is afraid.
   这类词还有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。

3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后,例如:
   something nice

4.1 形容词及其用法

  形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。

1) 直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot 热的。

2) 叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid 害怕的。
   (错) He is an ill man.
   (对) The man is ill.
   (错) She is an afraid girl.
   (对) The girl is afraid.
   这类词还有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。

3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后,例如:
   something nice

4.2 以-ly结尾的形容词

1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,  ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。
 改错:(错) She sang lovely.
    (错) He spoke to me very friendly.
    (对) Her singing was lovely.
    (对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.

2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词。
   daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early
   The Times is a daily paper.
   The Times is published daily.



4.3 用形容词表示类别和整体

1) 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry
   The poor are losing hope.

2) 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用。
   the British,the English,the French,the Chinese.
   The English have wonderful sense of humor.

4.4 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序

  多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:
  限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) --出处--材料性质,类别--名词
   a small round table
   a tall gray building
   a dirty old brown shirt
   a famous German medical school
   an expensive Japanese sports car

典型例题:
1) Tony is going camping with ___ boys. 
  A. little two other B. two little other  C. two other little  D. little other two
  答案:C。由"限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) --性质--名词"的公式可知数词,描绘词,性质依次顺序,只有C符合答案。

2) One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.
 A. old Chinese stone   B. Chinese old stone  C. old stone Chinese  D. Chinese stone old
 答案A. 几个形容词修饰一个名词,他们的排列顺序是:年龄,形状,大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。

3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?
 ---- It was great. We visited some friends,and spent the ___days at the seaside.
 A. few last sunny  B. last few sunny  C. last sunny few  D. few sunny last
答案:B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词;如果几个形容词的重要性差不多,音节少的形容词在前,音节多的方在后,在不能确定时,可参照下表:

限定词+数量词(序数词在前,基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+
those + three + beautiful + large + square 

新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词
old + brown + wood + table



4.5 副词及其基本用法

  副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构。
一、副词的位置:
1) 在动词之前。
2) 在be动词、助动词之后。 
3) 多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。

注意:
  a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡。
   We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.
  b. 方式副词well,badly糟、坏,hard等只放在句尾。
   He speaks English well.

二、副词的排列顺序:
1) 时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。
2) 方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接。
    Please write slowly and carefully.
3) 多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词。

注意:副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。
  改错:(错) I very like English.
     (对) I like English very much.

注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。
     I don't know him well enough.
     There is enough food for everyone to eat.
     There is food enough for everyone to eat.



4.6 兼有两种形式的副词

1) close与closely
  close意思是"近"; closely 意思是"仔细地"
    He is sitting close to me.
    Watch him closely.
2) late 与lately
   late意思是"晚"; lately 意思是"最近"
    You have come too late.
    What have you been doing lately?
3) deep与deeply
   deep意思是"深",表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,"深深地"
    He pushed the stick deep into the mud.
    Even father was deeply moved by the film.
4) high与highly
   high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much
    The plane was flying high.
    I think highly of your opinion.
5) wide与widely
   wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是"广泛地","在许多地方"
    He opened the door wide.
    English is widely used in the world.
6) free与freely
  free的意思是"免费";freely 的意思是"无限制地"
    You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.
    You may speak freely; say what you like.

4.7 形容词与副词的比较级

  大多数形容词(性质形容词)和副词有比较级和最高级的变化,即原级、比较级和最高级,用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形,比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。

1) 规则变化
  单音节词和少数双音节词,加词尾-er,-est来构成比较级和最高级。

 构成法    原级    比较级  最高级     
一般单音节词  tall(高的)   taller  tallest
未尾加-er,-est great(巨大的) greater  greatest   
以不发音的e结尾 nice(好的)   nicer  nicest
的单音词和少数  large(大的)  larger  largest
以- le结尾的双 able(有能力的) abler  ablest
音节词只加-r,-st                   
以一个辅音字母 big(大的)    bigger  biggest
结尾的闭音节单 hot热的)    hotter  hottest
音节词,双写结
尾的辅音字母,
再加-er,-est                     

"以辅音字母+y" easy(容易的)  easier  easiest
结尾的双音节词,busy(忙的)   busier  busiest
改y为i,再加
-er,-est                       
少数以-er,-ow clever(聪明的) cleverer cleverest
结尾的双音节词 narrow(窄的)  narrower narrowest
未尾加-er,-est                    

其他双音节词和 important(重要的) 
多音节词,在前      more important
面加more,most            most important
来构成比较级和 easily(容易地)
最高级。         more easily  
                   most easily   


2) 不规则变化

   原级     比较级   最高级          
good(好的)/    better    best
well(健康的)                      
bad (坏的)/     worse     worst
ill(有病的)                      
old (老的)     older/elder oldest/eldest     
much/many(多的)   more      most        
little(少的)    less     least        
far (远的)   farther/further  farthest/furthest
4.8 as + 形容词或副词原级 + as

1)在否定句或疑问句中可用so… as。
   He cannot run so/as fast as you.

2)当as… as 中间有名词时采用以下格式。
    as +形容词+ a +单数名词
    as + many/much +名词
   This is as good an example as the other is.
   I can carry as much paper as you can..

3)用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时,放在as的前面。
  This room is twice as big as that one.
  Your room is the same size as mine.  

4) 倍数+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍数+ then + of
  This bridge is three times as long as that one.
  This bridge is three times the length of that one.
  Your room is twice as large as mine.
  Your room is twice the size of mine.

4.9 比较级形容词或副词 + than

    You are taller than I.
    They lights in your room are as bright as those in mine.

注意:
1)要避免重复使用比较级。
   (错) He is more cleverer than his brother.
   (对) He is more clever than his brother.
   (对) He is clever than his brother.

2)要避免将主语含在比较对象中。
   (错) China is larger that any country in Asia.
   (对) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.

3)要注意对应句型,遵循前后一致的原则。
    The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
    It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.

4)要注意冠词的使用,后有名词的时候,前面才有可能有名词。
  比较:Which is large, Canada or Australia?
     Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
     She is taller than her two sisters.
     She is the taller of the two sisters.



4.10 可修饰比较级的词

1)a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等

2)还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。

3)以上词(除by far)外,必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。

典型例题:   
1) ---- Are you feeling ____? 
   ---- Yes,I'm fine now.
 A. any well B. any better C. quite good
 D. quite better  
 答案:B. any 可修饰比较级,quite修饰原级,well的比较级为better.

2)The experiment was____ easier than we had expected. 
  A. more  B. much more   C. much  
  D. more much
答案:C. much可修饰比较级,因此B,C都说得通,但easier本身已是比较级,不需more,因此C为正确答案。

3)If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school. 
A. the happiest time  B. a more happier time 
C. much happiest time  D. a much happier time
答案:D。

4.11 many,old 和 far

1) 如果后接名词时, much more +不可数名词
          many more +可数名词复数   

2) old 有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。 elder,eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。
   My elder brother is an engineer.
   Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.

3) far 有两种比较级,farther,further. 在英语中两者都可指距离。
  在美语中,father 表示距离,further表示进一步。
   I have nothing further to say.

4.12 the + 最高级 + 比较范围

1) The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.
  形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the,副词最高级前可不用。
  形容词most前面没有the,不表示最高级的含义,只表示"非常"。
   It is a most important problem.
   =It is a very important problem.
注意: 使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。
    (错) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.
    (对) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.

2) 下列词可修饰最高级,by far, far, much, mostly, almost
   This hat is nearly / almost the biggest.
注意:
 a.  very可修饰最高级,但位置与much不同。
      This is the very best.
      This is much the best.
 b.  序数词通常只修饰最高级。
      Africa is the second largest continent.

3) 句型转换:
   Mike is the most intelligent in his class.
   Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.

4) "否定词语+比较级","否定词语+ so… as"结构表示最高级含义。
        Nothing is so easy as this.
       =Nothing is easier than this.
       =This is the easiest thing.

4.13 和more有关的词组

1) the more… the more… 越……就越……
  The harder you work,the greater progress you'll make.
2) more B than A 与其说A不如说B
  less A than B
  He is more lazy than slow at his work.
= He is less slow than lazy at his work.
3) no more… than… 与……一样……,不比……多
  The officials could see no more than the Emperor.
  no less… than… 与……一样……
  He is no less diligent than you.
4) more than 不只是,非常
  She is more than kind to us all.

典型例题
1)The weather in China is different from____.
 A. in America  B. one in America  C. America
 D. that in America
答案:D. 本题意为"中国的天气比美国热。"比较的是天气而不是国家,C不能选。A没有名词,后句成分不全,排除。B和D中,B中的one常用来代替可数名词,而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词,所以选D。

2)After the new technique was introduced,the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before.
A. as twice many  B. as many twice  C. twice as many D. twice many as
 答案C. 此句意为"这个厂1988能生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍"。 表示倍数用"倍数+ as + 形容词原形+ as +比较对象"的句型。所以此句答案为C。
 This ruler is three times as long as that one.
一切皆有可能,相信自己做到最好!

TOP

------------------>上网也能赚小钱<------------------
5. 动词

1) 表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。

2) 根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是:实义动词(Notional Verb)、系动词(Link Verb)、助动词(Auxiliary Verb)、情态动词(Modal Verb)。

说明:有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词,例如:
   We are having a meeting.  我们正在开会。  (having是实义动词。)
  He has gone to New York. 他已去纽约。
(has是助动词。)

3) 动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词(Transitive Verb)、不及物动词(Intransitive Verb),缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。

说明:同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。例如:
 She can dance and sing.
 她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。)
 She can sing many English songs.
 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。)

4) 根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,分别是:限定动词(Finite Verb)、非限定动词(Non-finite Verb)例如:
 She sings very well.
 她唱得很好。(sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings。)
 She wants to learn English well.
 她想学好英语。(to learn不受主语she的限制,没有词形变化,是非限定动词。

说明:英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是:动词不定式(Infinitive)、动名词(Gerund)、分词(Participle)。

5) 根据动词的组成形式,可分为三类,分别是:单字词(One-Word Verb)、短语动词(Phrasal Verb)、动词短语(Verbal Phrase)例如:
  The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.
  英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。(contains是单字动词。)

  Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.
  学生们学会查字典。(look up是短语动词。)

  The young ought to take care of the old.
  年轻人应照料老人。(take care of是动词短语。)

6)动词有五种形态,分别是:原形(Original Form)、第三人称单数形式(Singular From in Third Personal)、过去式(Past Form)、过去分词(Past Participle)、现在分词(Present Participle)。

5.1 系动词

  系动词亦称联系动词(Link Verb),作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。

说明:
有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,例如:
   He fell ill yesterday. 
  他昨天病了。(fell是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况。)
   He fell off the ladder. 
  他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词,单独作谓语。

1)状态系动词
用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如:
He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。)

2)持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:
He always kept silent at meeting.  他开会时总保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery.  此事仍是一个谜。

3)表像系动词
用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:
He looks tired.  他看起来很累。
He seems (to be) very sad.  他看起来很伤心。

4)感官系动词
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:
 This kind of cloth feels very soft. 
  这种布手感很软。
 This flower smells very sweet. 
 这朵花闻起来很香。

5)变化系动词
  这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
例如:
  He became mad after that.  自那之后,他疯了。
  She grew rich within a short time.  她没多长时间就富了。

6)终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, trun out, 表达"证实","变成"之意,例如:
  The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。
  The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。
  His plan turned out a success.  他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)

5.2 什么是助动词

1)协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)。
助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用,例如:
   He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。
(doesn't是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义)

2) 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来:
  a. 表示时态,例如:
   He is singing. 他在唱歌。
   He has got married. 他已结婚。
  b. 表示语态,例如:
   He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。
  c. 构成疑问句,例如:
   Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗?
   Did you study English before you came here?  你来这儿之前学过英语吗?
  d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如:
   I don't like him.  我不喜欢他。
  e. 加强语气,例如:
   Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
   He did know that.  他的确知道那件事。
3) 最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would

5.3 助动词be的用法

1) be +现在分词,构成进行时态,例如:
They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。
English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。

2) be + 过去分词,构成被动语态,例如:
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。

3) be + 动词不定式,可表示下列内容:
 a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排,例如:
   He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。
   We are to teach the freshpersons. 我们要教新生。
  说明: 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
 b. 表示命令,例如:
  You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。
  He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。
 c. 征求意见,例如:
  How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他?
  Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢?
 d. 表示相约、商定,例如:
  We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。

5.4 助动词have的用法

1)have +过去分词,构成完成时态,例如:
  He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。
  By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 
  上月未为止,他们已经完成工作的一半。

2)have + been +现在分词,构成完成进行时,例如:
  I have been studying English for ten years.
  我一直在学英语,已达十年之久。

3)have+been +过去分词,构成完成式被动语态,例如:
  English has been taught in China for many years.
  中国教英语已经多年。

5.5 助动词do 的用法

1) 构成一般疑问句,例如:
  Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗?
  Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗?

2) do + not 构成否定句,例如:
  I do not want to be criticized.  我不想挨批评。
  He doesn't like to study.  他不想学习。
  In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 过去,好多学生不知道英语的重要性。

3) 构成否定祈使句,例如:
 Don't go there. 不要去那里。
 Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。
说明: 构成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does。

4) 放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气,例如:
 Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。
 I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。
 I do miss you. 我确实想你。

5) 用于倒装句,例如:
 Never did I hear of such a thing.  我从未听说过这样的事情。
 Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.
只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。
说明: 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。

6) 用作代动词,例如:
 ---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗?
 ---- Yes, I do. --是的,喜欢。(do用作代动词,代替like Beijing.)
 He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he?
 他知道如何开车,对吧?

5.6 助动词shall和will的用法

  shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时,例如:
   I shall study harder at English.  我将更加努力地学习英语。
   He will go to Shanghai.  他要去上海。

说明:
 在过去的语法中,语法学家说shall用于第一人称,will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在,尤其是在口语中,will常用于第一人称,但shall只用于第一人称,如用于第二、第三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词,试比较:

 He shall come. 他必须来。(shall有命令的意味。)
 He will come. 他要来。(will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。)

5.7 助动词should,would的用法

1)should无词义,只是shall的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称,例如:
  I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.
  我昨天给他打电话,问他我下周干什么。

比较:
  "What shall I do next week?" I asked.
  "我下周干什么?"我问道。(可以说,shall变成间接引语时,变成了should。)

2) would也无词义,是will的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第二、第三人称,例如:
   He said he would come.  他说他要来。
比较:
   "I will go," he said. 他说:"我要去那儿。"
   变成间接引语,就成了:
   He said he would come. 
   原来的will变成would,go变成了come.。

5.8 短语动词

  动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词(Phrasal Verb)。例如:
  Turn off the radio. 把收音机关上。(turn off是短语动词)

  短语动词的构成基本有下列几种:
1) 动词+副词,如:black out;
2) 动词+介词,如:look into;
3) 动词+副词+介词,如:look forward to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词(Particle)。
5.9 非谓语动词

  在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式,动名词,和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。

1)不定式
时态\语态    主动      被动         
 一般式    to do      to be done
  完成式    to have done  to have been done

2)动名词
时态\语态    主动      被动         
 一般式    doing     being done
 完成式    having done  having been done

3)分词
时态\语态    主动      被动         
 一般式    doing     being done
 完成式    having done  having been done    

  否定形式: not +不定式, not + 动名词, not + 现在分词
一切皆有可能,相信自己做到最好!

TOP

------------------>上网也能赚小钱<------------------
6. 动名词

6.1 动名词作主语、宾语和表语

1)作主语
   Fighting broke out between the South and the North.
   南方与北方开战了。

2)作宾语 

 a. 动词后加动名词doing作宾语 V. + doing sth
admit 承认   appreciate 感激,赞赏 avoid 避免    
complete 完成  consider 认为     delay 耽误   deny 否认    detest 讨厌      endure 忍受    enjoy 喜欢   escape 逃脱      prevent阻止
fancy 想象   finish 完成      imagine 想象   mind 介意    miss 想念       postpone 推迟        practise 训练  recall 回忆      resent 讨厌     resist 抵抗   resume 继续      risk 冒险
suggest 建议  face 面对       include 包括    stand 忍受   understand 理解    forgive 宽恕         keep 继续

举例:
 (1) Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
 (2) The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.   

 b. 词组后接doing
admit to   prefer…to     be used to    lead to   devote oneself to  object to   stick to   busy    look forward to(to为介词)

no good, no use, It's worth…,  as well as,
can't help, It's no use /good  be tired of
be fond of  be capable of  be afraid of 
be proud of  think of / about  hold off    
put off  keep on  insist on  count on / upon
set about  be successful in  good at  take up
give up  burst out  prevent … from… 

3)作表语
  Her job is washing,cleaning and taking care of the children.


6.1 动名词作主语、宾语和表语

1)作主语
   Fighting broke out between the South and the North.
   南方与北方开战了。

2)作宾语 
  a. 动词后加动名词doing作宾语 V. + doing sth
admit 承认   appreciate 感激,赞赏 avoid 避免    
complete 完成  consider 认为     delay 耽误   deny 否认    detest 讨厌      endure 忍受    enjoy 喜欢   escape 逃脱      prevent阻止
fancy 想象   finish 完成      imagine 想象   mind 介意    miss 想念       postpone 推迟        practise 训练  recall 回忆      resent 讨厌     resist 抵抗   resume 继续      risk 冒险
suggest 建议  face 面对       include 包括    stand 忍受   understand 理解    forgive 宽恕         keep 继续
举例:
 (1) Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
 (2) The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.   

  b. 词组后接doing
admit to   prefer…to    be used to    lead to   devote oneself to  object to   stick to     be busy    look forward to to为介词)

no good, no use, It's worth…,  as well as,
can't help, It's no use /good  be tired of
be fond of  be capable of  be afraid of 
be proud of  think of / about  hold off    
put off  keep on  insist on  count on / upon
set about  be successful in  good at  take up
give up  burst out  prevent … from… 

3)作表语
  Her job is washing,cleaning and taking care of the children.

6.2 worth 的用法

worth,worthy,worth-while都为adj. 意为"值得"。
1. worth: be worth + n.  当名词为金钱时,表示"…… 值得……"
 be worth doing sth. "……某事值得被做"
   The question is not worth discussing again and again.

2. worthy:be worthy of +n. 当名词为抽象名词时表示"……值得……"
 be worthy to be done "某事值得被做"
   The question is not worthy to be discussed againand again.

3. worth-while: be worth-while to do sth  "值得做某事"
  worth while: It is worth while doing sth
         It is worth while sb to do sth.

典型例题
It is not ____ to discuss the question again and again.
A.worth B.worthy C.worth-while D.worth while
答案C. 由worth的用法可知,此句只适合词组be worth-while to do sth.。因此选C。
一切皆有可能,相信自己做到最好!

TOP

随着一声『财神爷爷到』,天上掉下个馅饼砸到你头上,
你获得了『财神爷爷』赠送现金3个MSN币。

7. 动词不定式

7.1 不定式作宾语

1) 动词+ 不定式
afford  aim   appear  agree  arrange  ask   be    decide bother  care  choose   come    dare   demand desire  determine     expect   elect  endeavor     hope       fail  happen  help  hesitate learn  long   mean   manage  offer  ought   plan  prepare pretend   promise refuse seem   tend   wait    wish     undertake
举例: 
 The driver failed to see the other car in time.
   司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
 I happen to know the answer to your question.
   我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。

2)动词+不定式 ; 动词+宾语+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…
   I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
   I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。
   I want to speak to Tom.  我想和汤姆谈话。
   I want you to speak to Tom.  我想让你和汤姆谈话。

3) 动词+疑问词+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
  Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
  There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。

注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。
   The question is how to put it into practice.
   问题是怎样把它付诸实施。

7.1 不定式作宾语

1) 动词+ 不定式
afford  aim   appear  agree  arrange  ask   be    decide bother  care  choose   come    dare   demand desire  determine     expect   elect  endeavor     hope       fail  happen  help  hesitate learn  long   mean   manage  offer  ought   plan  prepare pretend   promise refuse seem   tend   wait    wish     undertake
举例: 
 The driver failed to see the other car in time.
   司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
 I happen to know the answer to your question.
   我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。

2)动词+不定式 ; 动词+宾语+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…
 I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
 I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。
I want to speak to Tom.  我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom.  我想让你和汤姆谈话。

3) 动词+疑问词+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
  Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
  There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。

注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。
   The question is how to put it into practice.
   问题是怎样把它付诸实施。

7.2 不定式作补语

1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
advise   allow   appoint   believe   cause   challenge command  compel   consider  declare   drive   enable  encourage  find    forbid   force   guess   hire    imagine  impel   induce   inform  instruct  invite   judge    know    like   order    permit  persuade  remind   report  request   require  select send    state   suppose   tell    think  train   trust   understand urge    warn 

例句:
  a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.       
   父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
  b. We believe him to be guilty.
   我们相信他是有罪的。

Find 的特殊用法:
  Find 后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get,have。
   I found him lying on the ground.
   I found it important to learn.
   I found that to learn English is important.

典型例题:
  The next morning she found the man ___ in bed,dead. 
  A. lying  B. lie  C. lay  D. laying  
答案:A.find的宾语后面,用分词或分词短语,起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。

2) to + be 的不定式结构,作补语的动词。
Acknowledge,  believe, consider,  think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel   find, guess,  judge,  imagine,   know,  prove,     see(理解), show,    suppose,     take(以为),   understand
   We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
   我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。

典型例题
   Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer. 
A. to invent B. inventing  C. to have invented  D. having invented 
答案:A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实,不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时,发明为点动词一般不用完成时,且此处也不强调对现在的影响,因此不选C。

3) to be +形容词
Seem,     appear,   be said,  be supposed,  be believed, be thought, be known,  be reported, hope, wish,  desire,   want,    plan,  expect,    mean…
 The book is believed to be uninteresting.
 人们认为这本书没什么意思。

4) there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
 We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。

注意 : 有些动词需用as 短语做补语,如regard, think believe, take, consider.
 We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
 Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
7.3 不定式主语

1) It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了

easy, difficult,  hard,  important,  possible,  impossible, comfortable,  necessary,  better;  
the first,  the next,   the last,  the best, too much,  too little,  not enough
 It's so nice to hear your voice.
 听到你的声音真高兴。
 It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
 当你不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。

2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们,他真好。
Kind, nice,  stupid, rude,  clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly,  selfish(自私的)
例句:
   It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。
   It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。

注意:1) 其他系动词如,look,appear等也可用于此句型
   2) 不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式。
   3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is… to…的句型
    (对)To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。
    (错)It is to believe to see.



7.4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb.

1)for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult,  interesting, impossible等:
   It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2)of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
   It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我,你真是太好了。
 
for 与of 的辨别方法:
  用介词后面的代词作主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of,不通则用for。如:
   You are nice. (通顺,所以应用of)。
   He is hard. (人是困难的,不通,因此应用for。)
一切皆有可能,相信自己做到最好!

TOP

7.5 不定式作表语

 不定式可放在be动词后面,形成表语。例如:
   My work is to clean the room every day.
   His dream is to be a doctor.

7.6 不定式作定语

  不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如:
   I have a lot of work to do. 
   So he made some candles to give light.

7.7 不定式作状语

1)目的状语 
To… only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
  He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
  I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。

2)作结果状语,表事先没有预料到的,要放在句子后面。
  What have I said to make you angry.
  He searched the room only to find nothing.

3) 表原因
  I'm glad to see you.

典型例题
 The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___. 
 A. sit  B. sit on  C. be seat  D. be sat on
答案:B. 如果不定式为不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时,常位于"形容词+动词不定式"结构的末尾。

7.8 用作介词的to

  to 有两种用法: 一为不定式+动词原形; 一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种,即to+ 名词/动名词:

admit to承认,       confess to承认,
be accustomed to 习惯于,  be used to 习惯于, stick to 坚持,       turn to开始,着手于, devote oneself to 献身于, be devoted to 致力于, look forward to 盼望,   pay attention to 注意

7.9 省to 的动词不定式

1) 情态动词 ( 除ought 外,ought to):
2) 使役动词 let, have, make:
3) 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补,省略to。
 
注意:在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。
  I saw him dance.
 =He was seen to dance.
  The boss made them work the whole night.
 =They were made to work the whole night.
4) would rather,had better:
5) Why… / why not…:
6) help 可带to,也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth:
7) but和except:but前是动词do时,后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。
8) 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式,第二个to 可以省去:
9) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后,可以省去to be: 
   He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。

举例:
   He wants to move to France and marry the girl.
He wants to do nothing but go out.

比较:  He wants to do nothing but go out.
     He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.

典型例题
1) ---- I usually go there by train. 
  ---- Why not ___ by boat for a change? 
  A. to try going  B. trying to go  C. to try and go  D. try going  
  答案:D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式,因此选D。

2) Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard. 
  A. learn  B. to learn  C. learned  D. learning
  答案:B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式,当其用于被动时,to 不可省略。

7.10 动词不定式的否定式

  Tell him not to shut the window… 
  She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候,她假装没看见。

典型例题
1)Tell him ___ the window. 
  A. to shut not  B. not to shut  C. to not shut
  D. not shut 
  答案:B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth.

2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by. 
  A. not to see  B. not seeing  C. to not see
  D. having not seen 
  答案:A。 pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为pretend not to do sth.。

3)Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking. 
  A. never to drive  B. to never driver 
  C. never driving  D. never drive 
  答案:A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词never.

4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him ____. 
  A. not to  B. not to do  C. not do it 
  D. do not to
 答案:A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词,而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有名词、代词等,否则不对,因此B,D不对。

5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation. 
  A. to eat no  B. eating not  C. not to eat 
  D. not eating
  答案:C。warn一词要求后用不定式,此处为不定式的被动,否定形式为be warned not to do。

7.11 不定式的特殊句型too…to…

1)too…to  太…以至于…
  He is too excited to speak.
  他太激动了,说不出话来。
  ---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?
  ---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。这箱子太重,恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。

2) 如在too前有否定词,则整个句子用否定词表达肯定, too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义,意 为"不太"。
  It's never too late to mend. (谚语)
   改过不嫌晚。

3) 当too 前面有only, all, but时,意思是:非常… 等于very。
  I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。
  He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。

7.12 不定式的特殊句型so as to

1) 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do。
   Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 
     汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
   Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.
     轻点进去,别惊醒了婴儿。

2) so kind as to ---劳驾
   Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?
     劳驾,现在几点了。

7.13 不定式的特殊句型Why not

  "Why not +动词原形"表达向某人提出建议,翻译为:"为什么不……?" "干吗不……?"
例如:
   Why not take a holiday?
   干吗不去度假?

7.14 不定式的时态和语态

时态\语态    主动     被动
一般式      to do      to be done
进行式      to be doing  
完成式      to have done   to have been done
完成进行式    to have been doing  

1) 现在时:一般现在时表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
  He seems to know this.
  I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。

2) 完成时:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
 I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
 He seems to have caught a cold.

3) 进行时: 表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
 He seems to be eating something.

4) 完成进行时:
 She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.

7.15 动名词与不定式

1) 动名词与不定式的区别:
 动名词表达的是: 状态,性质,心境,抽象,经常性,已发生的
 不定式表达的是: 目的,结果,原因,具体,一次性,将发生的

2) 接不定式或动名词,意义相同。

3) 动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组:
  1 stop to do     stop doing   
  2 forget to do     forget doing
  3 remember to do   remember doing     
  4 regret to do     regret doing
  5 cease to do     cease doing       
  6 try to do      try doing
  7 go on to do     go on doing       
  8 afraid to do     afraid doing
  9 interested to do  interested doing 
 10 mean to do      mean doing
 11 begin/ start to do  begin/ start doing  
一切皆有可能,相信自己做到最好!

TOP

8. 特殊词精讲

8.1 stop doing/to do

stop to do 停止,中断做某事后去做另一件事。
stop doing 停止做某事。
  They stop to smoke a cigarette.  他们停下来,抽了根烟。
  I must stop smoking..      我必须戒烟了。

典型例题
  She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path. 
A. to have rested B. resting  C. to rest D. rest
答案:C。由题意可知,她到了山顶,停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此,应选择"stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事"。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止,所以stop doing sth.不正确。

8.1 stop doing/to do

stop to do 停止,中断做某事后去做另一件事。
stop doing 停止做某事。
  They stop to smoke a cigarette.  他们停下来,抽了根烟。
  I must stop smoking.      我必须戒烟了。

典型例题
  She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path. 
A. to have rested B. resting  C. to rest D. rest
答案:C。由题意可知,她到了山顶,停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此,应选择"stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事"。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止,所以stop doing sth.不正确。



8.2 forget doing/to do

 forget to do 忘记要去做某事。 (未做)
 forget doing 忘记做过某事。  (已做)
 The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.
 办公室的灯还在亮着,它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)
 He forgot turning the light off.
 他忘记他已经关了灯了。    ( 已做过关灯的动作)
 Don't forget to come tomorrow.
 别忘了明天来。         (to come动作未做)

典型例题
 ---- The light in the office is still on.
 ---- Oh,I forgot___.          
  A. turning it off  B. turn it off  C. to turn it off  D. having turned it off
  答案:C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着,即关灯的动作没有发生,因此用forget to do sth.
而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了,而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。



8.3 remember doing/to do

 remember to do 记得去做某事     (未做)
 remember doing 记得做过某事    (已做)

Remember to go to the post office after school.
记着放学后去趟邮局。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?
你不记得以前见过那个人吗?

8.4 regret doing/to do

regret to do  对要做的事遗憾。     (未做)
regret doing  对做过的事遗憾、后悔。  (已做)
  I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.
我很遗憾必须这样去做,我实在没有办法。
  I don't regret telling her what I thought. 
我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。

典型例题
---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
---Well, now I regret ___ that.
A. to do  B. to be doing  C. to have done  D. having done
答案:D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔,因此选D。

8.5 cease doing/to do

cease to do  长时间,甚至永远停做某事。
cease doing  短时停止做某事,以后还会接着做。

  That department has ceased to exist forever.
  那个部门已不复存在。
  The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.
  姑娘们在老师走过时,停了会聊天。

8.6 try doing/to do

 try to do  努力,企图做某事。
 try doing  试验,试着做某事。

You must try to be more careful.
 你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn't succeed.
我试着种果木花卉,但未成功。



8.7 go on doing/to do

go on to do 做了一件事后,接着做另一件事。
go on doing  继续做原来做的事。
  After he had finished his maths,he went on to do his physics.
  做完数学后,他接着去做物理。
  Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.
  作完这个练习后,接着做其他的练习

8.8 be afraid doing/to do

be afraid to do 不敢,胆怯去做某事,是主观上的原因不去做,意为"怕";
be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。 doing 是客观上造成的,意为"生怕,恐怕"。

She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.
她生怕被蛇咬着,而不敢在草丛中再走一步。
She was afraid to wake her husband.
她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
She was afraid of waking her husband.
她生怕吵醒她丈夫。

8.9 be interested doing/to do

 interested to do   对做某事感兴趣,想了解某事。
 interested in doing  对某种想法感兴趣,doing 通常为想法。

I shall be interested to know what happens.
我很想知道发生了什么事。 (想了解)
I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that?
我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗?  (一种想法)

8.10 mean to doing/to do

 mean to do  打算、想
 mean doing 意味着
 I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.
 我想去,但是我父亲不肯让我去。
 To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.
 赠加工资意味着增加购买力。
8.11 begin(start) doing/to do

 begin / start to do sth
 begin / start doing sth.

1) 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时,使用doing.
  How old were you when you first started playing the piano?
  你几岁时开始弹钢琴?
2) begin, start用进行时时,后面动词用不定式to do
  I was beginning to get angry。
  我开始生起气来。
3) 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时,常用不定式to do。
  I begin to understand the truth。
  我开始明白真相。
4) 物作主语时
  It began to melt.

8.12 感官动词 + doing/to do

  感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do  表示动作的完整性,真实性;+doing 表示动作的连续性,进行性
 
 I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实)
 I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(强调"我见他正干活"这个动作)
 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。

典型例题
1)They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood. 
  A. grow  B. grew  C. was growing  D. to grow
  答案:A。因题意为,他们看着她长大,因此强调的是成长的过程,而非正在长的动作,因此用see sb do sth 的句型。

2)The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river. 
 A. playing  B. to be playing  C. play  D. to play
 答案A. 本题强调其动作,正在河边玩,应此用see sb. doing sth句型。
一切皆有可能,相信自己做到最好!

TOP

9. 分词

9.1 分词作定语

 分词前置 
 We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日
 He is a retired worker.  他是位退休的工人
 
 分词后置 (i分词词组;ii 个别分词如given, left; iii 修饰不定代词 something等)
 There was a girl sitting there. 有个女孩坐在那里
 This is the question given.   这是所给的问题
 There is nothing interesting.  没有有趣的东西

 过去分词作定语
 与其修饰的词是被动关系,相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
 Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.
 Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.

典型例题
  1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. 
A. have written  B. to be written  C. being written  D. written
答案D. 书与写作是被动关系,应用过去分词做定语表被动,相当于定语从句 which is written
 
  2)What's the language ____ in Germany? 
A. speaking  B. spoken   C. be spoken  D. to speak
答案B. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。
  spoken是动词speak的过去分词形式,在句中作定语,修饰主语language, spoken 与 language有被动关系。该句可以理解为:
What's the language (which is) spoken in German?

9.1 分词作定语

分词前置 
 We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日
 He is a retired worker.  他是位退休的工人
 
分词后置 (i.分词词组;ii. 个别分词如given, left; iii. 修饰不定代词 something等)
 There was a girl sitting there. 有个女孩坐在那里
 This is the question given.   这是所给的问题
 There is nothing interesting.  没有有趣的东西

过去分词作定语
 与其修饰的词是被动关系,相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
 Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.
 Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.

典型例题
  1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. 
A. have written  B. to be written  C. being written  D. written
答案D. 书与写作是被动关系,应用过去分词做定语表被 动,相当于定语从句 which is written
 
  2)What's the language ____ in Germany? 
A. speaking  B. spoken   C. be spoken  D. to speak
答案B. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。
  spoken是动词speak的过去分词形式,在句中作定语,修饰主语language, spoken 与 language有被动关系。该句可以理解为:
What's the language (which is) spoken in German?

9.2 分词作状语

  As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.
-> Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.
  由于没有收到他的信,我给他打了电话。
  If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.
-> Given more attention,the trees could have grown better.
 假如多给些照顾,那些树会长得更好。

典型例题
 1)_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. Followed  B. Followed by  C. Being followed  D. Having been followed
 答案B. Napoleon 与follow 之间有被动的含义。being followed除表达被动之外,还有动作正在进行之意。 followed by(被…跟随)。本题可改为:                 With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army.
 
 2)There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light. 
A. followed  B. following  C. to be followed  D. being followed
 答案B. 由于声音在闪电后,因此为声跟随着光,声音为跟随的发出者,为主动。用现在分词。
 
 3)_______, liquids can be changed into gases.
A. Heating  B. To be heated  C. Heated  D. Heat
 答案C. 本题要选一分词作为状语。现在分词表主动,正在进行的;过去分词表被动的,已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者,是被动的,因而选C。它相当于一个状语从句 When it is heated,…

  注意: 选择现在分词还是过去分词,关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出,分词就选用现在分词,反之就用过去分词。
(Being ) used for a long time, the book looks old.
  由于用了很长时间,这本书看上去很旧。
Using the book, I find it useful.
  在使用的过程中, 我发现这本书很有用。



9.3 连词+分词(短语)

  有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚,可在分词前加连词。 连词有: when,while,if though,after, before, as. 但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个,如:
  While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.
  waiting 和saw 的主语相同。

9.4 分词作补语

  通常在感官动词和使役动词之后,如:
  I found my car missing. 我发现我的车不见了。
  I'll have my watch repaired. 我想把我的手表修一下。

9.5 分词作表语

现在分词: 表示主动,正在进行
过去分词: 表示被动,已经完成
  She looked tired with cooking. 她由于忙着做饭,看上去有些疲倦。
  He remained standing beside the table. 他依然站在桌旁。

9.6 分词作插入语

  其结构是固定的,意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。
 generally speaking 一般说来
 talking of (speaking of) 说道
 strictly speaking 严格的说
 judging from 从…判断
 all things considered 从整体来看
 taking all things into consideration 全面看来

  Judging from his face, he must be ill. 从他的脸色看,他一定是病了。
  Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说,狗比猪跑得快。 (speaking 并不是dogs 的动作)

9.7 分词的时态

1)与主语动词同时,
 Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.  听到这一消息,他高兴得手舞足蹈。
 Arriving there, they found the boy dead. 刚一到那儿,他们就发现那男孩死了。

典型例题
  The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare  B. preparing  C. prepared  D. was preparing 
  答案B. 此处没有连词,不能选D,否则出现了两个谓语动词worked和was preparing。 只能在B,C中选一个。又因前后两个动作同时发生,且与主语为主动关系,应用现在分词。

2)先于主动词
  While walking in the garden,he hurt his leg. 在花园里散步时他伤了腿。
  分词作时间状语,如果先与主动词的动作,且强调先后, 要用having done。
  Having finished his homework, he went out.
  =As he had finished his homework, he went out.
   做完作业后,他出去了。

典型例题
  ___ a reply, he decided to write again. 
A. Not receiving  B. Receiving not  C. Not having received  D. Having not received  
  答案C. 本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式。根据题意判断,分词的动作(接信)发生在谓语动词的动作(决心再写信)之前,因此用分词的完成式。分词的否定式的构成为not +分词,故选C。该句可理解为:Because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again.

9.8 分词的语态

1)通常,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动,例如:
He is the man giving you the money. (= who gave you…) 他就是给你钱的那个人。
He is the man stopped by the car.  ( = who was stopped by…)
他就是那个被车拦住的人。

2)不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生 
gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned
例: a well-read person.  一个读过许多书的人
   a much-travelled may 一个去过许多地方的人
   a burnt-out match   烧完了的火柴
一切皆有可能,相信自己做到最好!

TOP

10. 独立主格

10.1 独立主格

(一): 独立主格结构的构成:
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词;
名词(代词)+形容词;
名词(代词)+副词;
名词(代词)+不定式;
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。 

(二) 独立主格结构的特点:
  1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
  2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定 式,介词等是主谓关系。
  3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例:
  The test finished, we began our holiday.
 = When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
  考试结束了,我们开始放假。
  
  The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
 = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
  总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。

  Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 
  如果天气允许,我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.   
  工作完成后,我们才回家。

  The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 
  会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。

  He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里,耳朵冻坏了。
  
  He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
 他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆

10.1 独立主格

(一): 独立主格结构的构成:
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词;
名词(代词)+形容词;
名词(代词)+副词;
名词(代词)+不定式;
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。 

(二) 独立主格结构的特点:
  1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
  2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定 式,介词等是主谓关系。
  3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例:
  The test finished, we began our holiday.
 = When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
  考试结束了,我们开始放假。
  
  The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
 = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
  总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。

  Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 
  如果天气允许,我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.   
  工作完成后,我们才回家。

  The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 
  会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。

  He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里,耳朵冻坏了。
  
  He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
 他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆

10.2 With的复合结构作独立主格

  表伴随时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用with的复合结构。
  with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
举例: He stood there, his hand raised.
  = He stood there, with his hand raise.

典型例题
  The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied  B. having tied  C. to be tied  D. tied  
  答案D. with +名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时,其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系,因此用过去分词,选D.  

注意:

1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题:
  当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制
  A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. 
  ( hand前不能加his)。     

2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分 词,不及物动词用过去分词。
  He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
 
典型例题:
 Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
 A permitted  B permitting  C permits  D for permitting
  答案B. 本题中没有连词,它不是复合句,也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号,且we 小写,可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断,本句中使用的是独立结构, 其结构为:名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许',表主动,应用现在分词,故选B。
  如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式,不妨将句子改为条件句,例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉,再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。
一切皆有可能,相信自己做到最好!

TOP

11. 动词的时态

11.1 一般现在时的用法

1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。
  时间状语: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday
  I leave home for school at 7 every morning.

2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。
  The earth moves around the sun.
  Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3) 表示格言或警句中。
  Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。

  注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round..

4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
  I don't want so much.
  Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup.
   I am doing my homework now.

  第一句用一般现在时,用于×作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。再如:Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。

11.1 一般现在时的用法

1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。
  时间状语: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday
  I leave home for school at 7 every morning.

2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。
  The earth moves around the sun.
  Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3) 表示格言或警句中。
  Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。

  注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round..

4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
  I don't want so much.
  Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup.
   I am doing my homework now.

  第一句用一般现在时,用于×作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。再如:Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。

11.2 一般过去时的用法

1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
  时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
  Where did you go just now?

2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。
  When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
  Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.     

3)句型:
  It is time for sb. to do sth  "到……时间了"  "该……了"
  It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了"  "早该……了"
  It is time for you to go to bed.  你该睡觉了。
  It is time you went to bed.   你早该睡觉了。
  would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'
  I'd rather you came tomorrow.

4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。
 I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。

比较:
  一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。
 Christine was an invalid all her life. 
  (含义:她已不在人间。)
 Christine has been an invalid all her life. 
  (含义:她现在还活着)
 Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
  (含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
 Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
 ( 含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)
  
注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。
1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
   Did you want anything else?
   I wondered if you could help me.
2)情态动词 could, would.
   Could you lend me your bike?

11.3 used to / be used to

  used to + do:"过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。
  Mother used not to be so forgetful.  
  Scarf used to take a walk.  (过去常常散步)

  be used to + doing: 对……已感到习惯,或"习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。
  He is used to a vegetarian diet.  
  Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)

典型例题   
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.      
A. didn't  B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
  答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看 出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。



11.3 used to / be used to

  used to + do:"过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。
  Mother used not to be so forgetful.  
  Scarf used to take a walk.  (过去常常散步)

  be used to + doing: 对……已感到习惯,或"习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。
  He is used to a vegetarian diet.  
  Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)

典型例题   
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.      
A. didn't  B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
  答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看 出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。

11.4 一般将来时

1) shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。
  will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在争求意见时常用于第二人称。
  Which paragraph shall I read first.
  Will you be at home at seven this evening?

2) be going to +不定式,表示将来。
  a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。
   What are you going to do tomorrow?
  b. 计划,安排要发生的事。
   The play is going to be produced next month。
  c. 有迹象要发生的事
   Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.

3)  be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
   We are to discuss the report next Saturday.

4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。
  He is about to leave for Beijing.
  注意:be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。

11.5 be going to / will

用于条件句时, be going to 表将来
        will 表意愿