黄金空间展示位: | | 空间联盟总部 | 卜卜趣多多 | 空位 | 如何申请?新人必读 | 空间工具 | +教你如何通过点击邮件赚钱+热门分会 | 雁来红 | 苏州市 | 上海市 | 北京市 | 日本
发新话题
打印

每日英语学习 (不断填加中...!)

------------------>上网也能赚小钱<------------------

随着一声『富神爷爷到』,天上掉下个馅饼砸到你头上,
你获得了『富神爷爷』赠送现金12个MSN币。

21. 情态动词

21.1 情态动词的语法特征

 1) 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
 2) 情态动词 除ought 和have 外,后面只能接不带to 的不定式。
 3) 情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。
 4) 情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式,分词,等形式。

21.1 情态动词的语法特征

 1) 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
 2) 情态动词 除ought 和have 外,后面只能接不带to 的不定式。
 3) 情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。
 4) 情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式,分词,等形式。
 

21.2 比较can 和be able to

1)can could 表示能力;可能 (过去时用could),
只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。
 They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。

2)只用be able to
  a. 位于助动词后。
  b. 情态动词后。
  c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。
  d. 用于句首表示条件。
  e. 表示成功地做了某事时,只能用was/were able to, 不能用could。
   He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.
  = He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.
  
注意:could不表示时态

1)提出委婉的请求,(注意在回答中不可用could)。
   --- Could I have the television on?
   --- Yes, you can. / No, you can't.

2)在否定,疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。
     He couldn't be a bad man.  
     他不大可能是坏人。

21.3 比较may和might

1) 表示允许或请求;表示没有把握的推测;may 放在句首,表示祝愿。
    May God bless you!
    He might be at home.
注意: might 表示推测时,不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。

2) 成语: may/might as well,后面接不带to 的不定式,意为"不妨"。
    If that is the case, we may as well try.

典型例题
 Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.
  A. must  B. may  C. can  D. will
 答案B. 表可能性只能用may. 此句意可从后半句推出。


21.4 比较have to和must

1) 两词都是'必须'的意思,have to 表示客观的需要, must 表示说话人主观上的看法,既主观上的必要。
  My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night. 我弟弟病得很厉害,我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)
  He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。(主观上要做这件事)

2) have to有人称、数、时态的变化,而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。
He had to look after his sister yesterday.

3) 在否定结构中: don't have to  表示"不必"
          mustn't    表示"禁止",
   You don't have to tell him about it.  你不一定要把此事告诉他。
   You mustn't tell him about it.    你一定不要把这件事告诉他。

21.5 must表示推测

 1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测,意为"一定"。
 2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时, must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。
   You have worked hard all day.You must be tired.  你辛苦干一整天,一定累了。(对现在情况的推测判断)
   He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。

 比较:
    He must be staying there. 
    他现在肯定呆在那里。
    He must stay there.
    他必须呆在那。
 3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时,must 要接完成式。
   I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep. 我刚才没有听到电话,我想必是睡着了。

 4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测,must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。
  ---Why didn't you answer my phone call?
  ---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.

 5) 否定推测用can't。
   If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet. 如果汤姆五点才离开这儿,他此时一定还未到家。

21.6 表示推测的用法

 can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测,其用法如下:

1)情态动词+动词原形。
  表示对现在或将来的情况的推测,此时动词通常为系动词。
  I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.
2)情态动词+动词现在进行时。
  表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。
  At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.
  这时,我们老师想必在批改试卷。

3)情态动词+动词完成时。
  表示对过去情况的推测。
  We would have finished this work by the end of next December.
  明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。
  The road is wet. It must have rained last night.
  地是湿的,昨天晚上一定下雨了。

4)情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。
  表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。
  Your mother must have been looking for you.
  你妈妈一定一直在找你。

5)推测的否定形式,疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。
  Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.
  迈克一定还没有找回他的车,因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。

 注意:could, might表示推测时不表示时态,其推测的程度不如can, may。

21.7 情态动词+ have +过去分词

1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth 表示过去,推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。
  Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
  Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.

2) must have +done sth,对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测,语气较强,具有"肯定","谅必"的意思。
 ---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.
 ---She must have gone by bus.

3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth
  本应该做某事,而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。
  You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment.
  He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.(事实上已扔了。)
  ought to 在语气上比should 要强。

4) needn't have done sth  本没必要做某事
  I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I needn't have done so. The weather was hot.

5) would like to have done sth  本打算做某事 
  I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.


21.8 should 和ought to

  should 和ought to 都为"应该"的意思,可用于各种人称。
  ---Ought he to go?
  ---Yes. I think he ought to.
  表示要求,命令时,语气由 should(应该)、had better最好)、must(必须)渐强。

21.9 had better表示"最好"

  had better 相当于一个助动词,它只有一种形式,它后面要跟动词原形。
  had better do sth
  had better not do sth
  It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat.
  She'd better not play with the dog.

  had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果,意为"本来最好"。
  You had better have come earlier.
 

21.10 would rather表示"宁愿"

 would rather do
 would rather not do
 would rather… than…  宁愿……而不愿。

 还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。

 If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.
 I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.


典型例题
----Shall we go skating or stay at home?
----Which ___ do?     
A. do you rather  B. would you rather  C. will you rather  D. should you rather
答案B。本题考查情态动词rather的用法,would rather +do sth 意为"宁愿",本题为疑问句,would 提前,所以选B。


21.11 will和would

 注意:
 1)would like; Would like to do = want to 想要,为固定搭配。
   Would you like to go with me?
 2)Will you…? Would you like…? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时,疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。
   Would you like some cake?
 3)否定结构中用will,一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气。
   Won't you sit down?

21.12 情态动词的回答方式

   问句   肯定回答    否定回答
Need you…?  Yes, I must.   No,I needn't
Must you…?           /don't have to.

典型例题
1)---Could I borrow your dictionary?
  ---Yes, of course, you____. 
  A. might B. will  C. can  D. should
  答案C.could表示委婉的语气,并不为时态。答语中of course,表示肯定的语气,允许某人做某事时,用can和 may来表达,不能用could或might。复习: will 与you连用,用来提出要求或下命令。should与you 连用,用来提出劝告。

2)---Shall I tell John about it?
  ---No, you ___. I've told him already.  
  A. needn't  B. wouldn't  C. mustn't  D. shouldn't
  答案A。needn't 不必,不用。 wouldn't 将不, 不会的。 mustn't 禁止、不能。 shouldn't 不应该。本题为不需要,不必的意思,应用needn't。

3)---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
  ---______.
  A. I don't  B. I won't  C. I can't D. I haven't
  答案B. will既可当作情态动词,表请求、建议、也可作为实义动词表"意愿、意志、决心",本题表示决心,选B。


21.13 带to 的情态动词

  带to 的情态动词有四个:ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to ,(=must), be able to,为六个。它们的疑问,否定形式应予以注意:
  Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month?
  She didn't use to play tennis before she was fourteen.
  You ought not to have told her all about it.
  Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.?

  ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用,变疑问,否定时,须有do 等助动词协助。

典型例题
 Tom ought not to ___ me your secret, but he meant no harm. 
 A.have told B.tell C.be telling D. having told
 答案A。由于后句为过去时,告诉秘密的动作又发生在其前因,此地应用过去完成时,但它在情态动词 ought to 后,所以用have。
 

21.14 比较need和dare

  这两词既可做实义动词用,又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词,两者都只能用于疑问句,否定句和条件句。 need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to,而dare作实义动词用时, 后面的to 时常可以被省略。
1) 实义动词: need (需要, 要求)
        need + n. / to do sth
2) 情态动词: need,只用原形need后加do,否定形式为need not。
  Need you go yet?
  Yes, I must. / No, I needn't.
3) need 的被动含义:need, want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动: 
  need doing = need to be done
一切皆有可能,相信自己做到最好!

TOP

------------------>上网也能赚小钱<------------------
添砖又加瓦,把好东西献给大家


good sentences

1. It‘s not like that. 不是那样的
  It‘s not like that.这句话是用来辟谣的。当别人误会了一件事的来龙去脉,你就可以跟他说It‘s not like that.「不是那样的。」当然随着语气及情境的不同,It‘s not like that.这句话也有可能是你用来硬拗的藉口。
  
2. There is nothing good playing. 没好电影可看
  这里的There‘s nothing good playing.是接着问句而来的,指的是「没有好电影可看。」同样的,若是电视上没有好节目可看,你就可以说There‘s nothing good on TV.
  
3. I‘ve gotten carried away. 我扯太远了。
  get carried away字面上的意思是「被带走了」,那么被带走的是什么呢?就是心思。当你或是他人说话的时候离了题,偏离主旨扯远了。你就可以用上这个表达法I‘ve / You‘ve gotten carried away.
  
4. Good thing... 还好,幸好…
  在美语当中若要表达中文里「还好,幸好…」的语气,你就可以用Good thing...做开头。这个句型非常简单又好用,你只要在Good thing后面加上完整的句子就可以。
  
5. I don‘t believe you‘re bringing this up. 你现在提这件事真是岂有此理
  你现在提这件事真是岂有此理bring something up是指「提到(某件事)」。当然情况会有正反两面。你若没想到对方会提起这件事讨骂,你可以说I don‘t believe you‘re bringing this up.。而反过来说,若你很高兴对方主动提起了一件事,你也可以用这个片语,自然说出I am glad you are bringing this up.
  
6. spy on... 跟监(某人)
  spy这个字就是「间谍」。当动词用的意思自然就是「做间谍做的事」,也就是「监视,跟踪」之意。当你要去监视跟踪某人,美语中就说成spy on someone。
  
7. There‘s no other way of saying it.没有别种说法
  有时候不管你再怎么转、再怎么拗,也没有办法更婉转或是避开一些绝对会出现的字,这时候你就可以用上There‘s no other way of saying it.这句话,来表达自己避无可避的为难,因为「没有别种说法。」
  
8. That will not always be the case. 情况不会永远是这样
  case这个字有「情况」的意思,That will be the case.就是指「情况就会是这样了。」但是你若觉得现在的情况只会是暂时,不会长久,你就可以反过来说That will not always be the case.「情况不会永远是这样。」  

  
9. She is coming on to you. 她对你有意思
  She is coming on to you.这句话是用在两性的关系上,意思是「她对你投怀送抱。」也就是形容某人对某人有意思的情况,这个句型男女两性都适用;同样的情况,你也可以说She is making a pass at you.「她对你眉来眼去的。」这两种说法都很生动,而且最棒的是没有新单字,赞!
  
10. I was being polite.我这是在说客气话
  polite这个字,我们在学校学的意思是「有礼貌的。」当然你若要说一个人有礼貌,你可以说He is polite.或是He has good manners.不过I was being polite.这句话是指「我这是在说客气话。」使用的情境比较趋近于客套而不伤和气的出发点,与「做作」artificial (a.)又不一样了。
  
11. stand someone up 放(某人)鸽子
  stand someone up这个词组,大家若是第一次看到,想必多半是满头雾水,怎么单字全都认识,意思却完全猜不出来。其实stand someone up的意思就是「放(某人)鸽子」,这么简单又实用的句子,可得赶快记起来。
  
12. So that explains it. 原来如此
  有时候事情的来龙去脉浑沌不清,让人摸不着头脑,若是突然曙光一现,让你豁然开朗,这会儿你就可以用上这句话So that explains it / everything.「这就都说得通了。」
  
13. I feel the same way. 我有同感。
  当他人说出了你的感觉,你再同意也不过的时候,你就可以用上这句话I feel the same way.「我有同感。」这句话不但可以让你避免把同样的话再讲一次,帮你省了不少口水,还可以让对方觉得自己的意见被尊重呢。I feel the same way.赶快记起来。
  
14. Is there someone else? 你是不是有了新欢?
  Is there someone else?这句话字面上是指「有其它人吗?」不过Is there someone else?这句话在使用上,问的那个「其它人」一定是感情上的「新欢,新对象」,所以若是情侣或是夫妻之间有人说了这句Is there someone else?「你是不是有了新欢?」这可就不太妙了。
  
15. I can‘t help myself. 我情不自禁
  我无法控制自己。 I can‘t help myself.这句话可不是「我帮不了自己。」(赶快消除记忆),其实 I can‘t help myself. 这句话的意思是「我情不自禁。」指的是对自己的无能为力。I can‘t help... 这个句型很好用,若是你遇到一个情况,想要说「我不禁纳闷了起来。」在美语中你就可以直接说: I can‘t help but wonder.

  
16. come hell or high water
  这个短语的使用时机是当你要去执行一项任务或是做一件事之际,只许成功不许失败的决心。 就犹如中文的「就算天崩地裂…」,比喻不论发生什么状况都要去完成使命。可以用在句首当作一句话的开头,或是放在句尾补述。
  
17. have something in common
  have something in common是指「彼此有着共通点」,可能是嗜好,也可能是观念。若你和某人完全不对盘,丝毫没有共通点,你就可以说We have nothing in common.
  
18. What have you got to lose?
  What have you got to lose?这句话当中的lose是指「失去」的意思,当有人犹豫不决,始终做不了决定,你就可以用这句话What have you got to lose? 「你有啥好损失的?」,来增强对方破釜沈舟的决心。
  
19. You shouldn‘t be so hard on yourself.
  这句话是用来安慰他人的,当有人对于自己太过苛责,给与自己让人喘不过气来的压力,你就可以跟对方说这句话You shouldn‘t be so hard on yourself.「你不该这么苛责自己的」。让对方好过一些。
  
20. Don‘t get me started on it.
  这句话是指「别让我打开话匣子」,意思是你对于某一件事或是一个主题,有很多的意见,要是让你开了话头,可能就要听你连说个七天七夜,没完没了。Don‘t get me started on it.这句话是用来表达你对一件事情牢骚满腹的心情。  
一切皆有可能,相信自己做到最好!

TOP

------------------>上网也能赚小钱<------------------
关于生活的26个事实


1.The badness of a movie is directly proportional to the number of helicopters init.

  一部电影的恶劣程度和它里面的直升飞机的数量成正比。

  2.You will never find anybody who can give you a clear reason why we treat our body as the enemy. We hateit, always keep it hungry…

  你无论如何也找不到这样的人,他能给你解释清楚为什么我们像对敌人那样对待自己的身体——我们恨它,总是饿着它……

  3.People who feel the need to tell you that they have an excellent sense of humor are telling you that they have no sense of humor.

  那些认为有必要告诉你他们很有幽默感的人其实正在告诉你,他们根本没有一丁点儿幽默感。

  4.The most valuable function performed by the federal government is entertainment.

  联邦政府最有意义的功能就是娱乐。

  5.You should never say anything to a woman that even remotely suggests you think she's pregnant.

  你一定不要对一位女士说,你知道她怀孕了,即使是暗示也不行。

  6. A penny saved is worthless.

  省下一分钱是毫无意义的。

  7.Men are very confident people. My husband is so confident that when he watches sports on television, he thinks that he can help his team. If the team is in trouble, he coaches the players from our living room, and if they're really in trouble, I have to get off the phone in case they call him.

  男人们非常自信。我丈夫在看体育比赛节目时就非常自信。他认为他能帮助参赛的运动员。如果他们遇到了麻烦,他就在我们家的起居室里指导他们。如果他们真的有麻烦了,我就必须立即放下电话,因为那些队员可能会打电话向他求助。

  8.The most powerful force in the universe is gossip.

  宇宙中最强有力的就是闲话。
9.The one thing that unites all human beings, regardless of age, gender, religion, economic status, or ethnic background, is that, deep down inside, we all believe that we are valued than other organisms.

  能把不同年龄、性别、宗教、经济地位、种族背景的所有人团结起来的,就是我们都深深相信,我们人类比其它生物都尊贵。

  10.There comes a time when you should stop expecting other people to make a big deal about your birthday. That time is age11.

  当那个时刻到来时,你就不应该再期望其他人会在你生日时送你很多礼物,那个时刻就是你年满11岁。

  11.There is a very fine line between″hobby″ and″mental ill ness.″

  “爱好”和“精神病”之间的区别并不明显。

  12.People who want to share their religious views with you almost never want you to share yours with them.

  那些和你分享他们的宗教观点的人几乎从没想过分享你的宗教观点。

  13.There apparently exists, somewhere in Los Angeles, a computer that generates concepts for television sitcoms. When directors need a new concept, they turn on this computer; after sorting through millions of possible choices, it spits out a concept and the directors turn this concept into a show. We need to locate this computer and destroy it with hammers.

  显然,在洛杉矶的某个地方,有这样一台计算机,它为电视连续剧制造概念。当导演们需要一个新概念时,他们就会启动这台计算机。在数百万个可能的选择中搜索后,它会吐出某个概念,导演们就会把这个概念放进电视剧里。我们要做的就是找到这台计算机,并用锤子把它打烂。

  14.Nobody is normal.

  没有人是正常的。

  15. At least once per year, some group of scientists will become very excited and announce that The universe is even bigger than they thought! T here are even more subatomic particles than they thought! Whatever they announced last year about global warming is wrong.

  至少每年一次,某些科学家的组织会变得非常兴奋,并宣布:

  宇宙甚至比他们原来想象的大!

  确实存在一些比原子更小的粒子,这超乎他们的想象!

  他们去年宣布的关于全球变暖的一切都是错的。

  16. If you had to identify, in one word, the reason why the human race has not achieved, and never will achieve, that word would be″meetings″.

  如果你必须用一个词来解释,人类一直没有进化,并且永远不会进化的原因,那个词就是“会议”。
17.The main accomplishment of almost all organized protests is to annoy people who are not in them.

  几乎所有有组织的抗议活动的主要成就都是,使没有参加抗议的人烦恼。

  18.The value of advertising is that it tells you the exact opposite of what the advertiser actually thinks. For example:If the advertisement says″This is not your father's Old mobile″, the advertiser is desperately concerned that this Old mobile, like all other Old mobiles, appeals primarily to old person like your father. If Coke and Pepsi spend billions of dollars to convince you that there are significant differences between these two products, both companies realize that Pepsi and Coke are virtuallyi?dentical. If the advertisement strongly suggests that Nike shoes enable athletes to perform amazing feats, Nike wants you to disregard the fact that shoe brand is unrelated to athletic ability. If Budweiser runs an elaborate advertising campaign stressing the critical importance of a beer's″born-on″ date, Budweiser knows this factor has virtually nothing to do with how good a beer tastes.

  广告的价值在于,它告诉了你与广告发布者实际所想的完全相反的事。例如:

  如果广告上说“这不是你爸爸的老爷车”,这意味着,广告发布者失望地意识到,正像其它老式汽车一样,这种老式汽车能吸引的主要是像你爸爸那样的老年人。

  如果可口可乐和百事可乐花费数十亿美元,以使你相信,这两种产品有着很大区别,那么,这两个公司已经认识到,百事可乐和可口可乐在本质上是相同的。

  如果广告在强烈暗示,耐克鞋可以使运动员完成令人惊异的技巧,耐克实际上希望你忘记这样一个事实———鞋的品牌和运动能力无关。

  假如百威发布了精心制作的系列广告,强调啤酒诞生日期的重要性,那么百威肯定知道,这和啤酒的味道好坏毫无关系。

  19. If there really is a God who created the entire universe, and He decides to deliver a message to humanity, He will not use, as His messenger, a person on cable TV with a bad hairstyle.

  如果真的存在一位创造了整个宇宙的上帝,如果他决定给人类送个信,他肯定不会让一个发型难看的有线电视上的人当他的信使。

  20.You should not confuse your career with your life.

  你不应该把你的职业和生活混为一谈。

  21. A person who is nice to you, but rude to the waiter, is not a nice person.

  对你彬彬有礼但对侍者粗鲁无礼的人不是个好人。

  22. No matter what happens, somebody will find a way to take it too seriously.

  不论发生了什么,一定有人能找到一种方法把它无限夸大。

  23.When trouble arises and things look bad, there is always one individual who perceives a solution and is willing to take command. Very often, that individual is crazy.

  当危机出现,事情看起来很糟时,总会有个人知道解决的办法并愿意发号施令。通常,这个人是个疯狂的人。

  24.Your friends love you anyway.

  无论如何,你的朋友们爱你。

  25.Nobody cares if you can't dance well. Just get up and dance.

  没有人在意你的舞跳得好不好。起来跳吧!

  26.What is the difference between a single 40 -year -old woman and a single 40-year-old man? The single 40 -year -old woman thinks often of having children and the single40-year-old man thinks often about dating.

  一个40岁的单身女人和一个40岁的单身男人有什么区别?40岁的单身女人经常想要孩子,而40岁的单身男人常常想着约会。
一切皆有可能,相信自己做到最好!

TOP

随着一声『财神爷爷到』,天上掉下个馅饼砸到你头上,
你获得了『财神爷爷』赠送现金47个MSN币。

“谈情说爱”专用英语


美国人尽管喊了多少年的「性开放」,但很多美国人在谈情说爱方面,仍然喜欢采用一些含蓄保守的词句或语句,表现文明和礼貌。以下举一些例句,或许能说明一二。

  to have a crush on (someone);
  to feel an instant magnetism;
  to catch one‘s eyes; to hit it off;
  to have the hots for (someone);
  to be attracted to each other.
  这些片语,都是描写男女间互相倾慕,两情相悦,有吸引力或一见锺情。
  例如:
  * He (she) has a crush on her (him) (他对她十分爱慕) 。
  * He felt an instant magnetism when their eyes met. (他们见面时,他立即感到磁性般的吸住)。
  意指女的外表吸引; 如果是 she felt …… 那么就是指男的外表吸引。
  * A nice-looking girl caught his eye.(漂亮的妞儿吸住)。 注意:不用 eyes。
  * He was introduced to a pretty woman and they seem to hit it off immediately.(他被介绍给一位漂亮女子後,他们似乎就一见锺情)。 或
  * They were attracted to each other the moment their eyes met.
  * When he met her, he had the hots for her.(当他见到她,他就对她爱慕不已。)(多半指 sexual attraction。)
  例如说,女对男的没有兴趣,那么也可以说:
  * She did not feel any attraction toward him.(她对他毫无兴趣); 或
  * He is the man for whom she feels no attraction, catch or no catch.(不管他的条件好或坏,她对他就是没有兴趣)。
  这里的 catch,可指财富、地位、名望和外表。
  to be a lady‘s man (或 ladies‘ man);
  to be a prince on a white horse;
  to be a casanova;
  to be a womanizer. 
  这些都是指男人英俊潇洒,作风奔放,野性旺盛,喜欢在「女人窝」里。例如:
  * Mr. Lin has been considered a prince on a white horse.(林先生被认为是白马王子。)
  这是中古时代女子对男人的梦中理想,然而现在也有老外认为美男子应该是:全身盔甲灿烂光辉的王子。
  * He is a prince in a shining armour.(动词时态:shine, shone 或 shined。)
  * Many people think that Mr. Smith is a real lady‘s man.(或 a real womanizer)(许多人认为史密斯先生喜欢在女人窝里。)
  *As a casanova, he has many girl friends.(由於他是美男子,他有许多女友。)
  (Casanova 是意大利人,据说是顶尖的美男子,他的全名是:Casanova de seingalt Giovanni Giacomo 在此 casanova 被当做普通名词,故 c 不必大写。

  如果形容男人外表魅惑力大,能使女人「如饥似渴」般崇拜他,也可以说:
  * He has melted her down and made her knees buckle.(他把她溶化了,使她拜倒他的西装裤下)。
  这句话老外通常不用在男人身上,也许因为男子应该比较坚强些吧!或且说:
  * So many women swarmed him like bees to the honey.(许多女人看到他,就像一群蜜蜂见到蜜那样蜂拥而至。)

  倘若说:…… like flies to the garbage 指像一群苍蝇喜欢垃圾那样,当然就不是恭维了。
  to be a beauty queen; to be a dream boat;
  to be a cutie; to be a babe;
  to be a fox.
  这些都是形容女人漂亮,曲线玲珑,身材曼妙,挥身性感或散发一种性感的野性。
  例如:
  * She is a beauty queen.(= very beautiful)
  * She is a cutie.(= pretty and attractive)(漂亮迷人)
  * She is a dream boat.(= ideal type of woman)(理想女人)
  * She is a babe.(= very beautiful and attractive)
  * She is a fox.(= She is a foxy lady = She is sexy.)(她很性感)。
  注意:如果说: She is as sneaky(或 cunning)as a fox. 又是指她像狐狸一样的狡猾。

  假如女人能使男人拜倒她的石榴裙下或神魂颠倒那么就能说:
  * Her beauty (attraction) has caused his knees to shake. (或 to quiver)(她的漂亮迷人使他膝部发抖)。或
  * She made him feel up there in the clouds.
  (= on clouds nine = on the top of the world)(她使他神魂颠倒,飘飘然如仙。)
  其实,所谓「情人眼里出西施」(Beauty is in the eyes of beholder),世上的美或丑,只是主观的看法而已。
  to fall in love with (someone);
  to fall head over heels in love; to love (someone) from head to toe.
  都是指男欢女爱,沉溺情海,或是爱得晕头转向。
  例如:
  * They have fallen in love with each other for years.(他们相爱多年)。(动词时态:fall, fell, fallen)

  * He fell head over heels in love with her.
  (= He fell for her head over heels = He is head over-heels in love with her.)(他与她沉溺情海,爱得晕头转向。)多半指很快落入情海。
  * He loves her from head to toe.(他从头到脚地爱她)。多指经过较长时间後才热恋, 或
  * He falls madly in love with her.

  至於男女热恋时「目中无人」或「形影不离」,也可以说:
  * They are two peas in a pod. (他们像豆荚里的两粒豆子--即形影不离。)
  * They only have eyes for each other(and forget the entire world.)(世界上似乎只有他们两个人。)
一切皆有可能,相信自己做到最好!

TOP

绝对经典的美语日常用语


1. After you.你先请。这是一句很常用的客套话,在进/出门,上车得场合你都可以表现一下。
2. I just couldn't help it.我就是忍不住。想想看,这样一个漂亮的句子可用于多少个场合?下面是随意举的一个例子:
I was deeply moved by the film and I cried and cried. I just couldn't help it.
3. Don't take it to heart. 别往心里去,别为此而忧虑伤神。生活实例:
This test isn't that important. Don't take it to heart.
4. We'd better be off.我们该走了。It's getting late. We'd better be off .
5. Let's face it. 面对现实吧。常表明说话人不愿意逃避困难的现状。
参考例句:I know it's a difficult situation. Let's face it, OK?
6. Let's get started.咱们开始干吧。劝导别人时说:Don't just talk. Let's get started.
7. I'm really dead.我真要累死了。坦诚自己的感受时说:After all that work, I’m really dead.
8. I've done my best.我已尽力了。
9. Is that so?真是那样吗?常用在一个人听了一件事后表示惊讶、怀疑。
10. Don't play games with me!别跟我耍花招!
11. I don't know for sure.我不确切知道。
Stranger: Could you tell me how to get to the town hall?
Tom: I don't know for sure. Maybe you could ask the policeman over there.
12. I'm not going to kid you.我不是跟你开玩笑的。
Karin: You quit the job? You are kidding.
Jack: I'm not going to kid you. I'm serious.
13. That's something. 太好了,太棒了。
A: I'm granted a full scholarship for this semester.
B: Congratulations. That's something.
14. Brilliant idea!这主意真棒!这主意真高明!
15. Do you really mean it? 此话当真?
Michael:Whenever you are short of money, just come to me.
David: Do you really mean it?
16. You are a great help.你帮了大忙
17. I couldn't be more sure. 我再也肯定不过。
18. I am behind you.我支持你。
A: Whatever decision you're going to make, I am behind you.
19. I'm broke.我身无分文。
20. Mind you!请注意!听着!(也可仅用Mind。)
模范例句:Mind you! He's a very nice fellow though bad-tempered.
21. You can count on it.你尽管相信好了,尽管放心。
A:Do you think he will come to my birthday party?
B: You can count on it.
22. I never liked it anyway.我一直不太喜欢这东西。当朋友或同事不小心摔坏你的东西时就可以用上这句话给他一个台阶,打破尴尬局面:Oh, don't worry. I'm thinking of buying a new one. I never liked it anyway.
23. That depends.看情况再说。
例:I may go to the airport to meet her. But that depends.
24. Congratulations.恭喜你,祝贺你。
25. Thanks anyway.无论如何我还是得谢谢你。当别人尽力要帮助你却没帮成时,你就可以用这个短语表示谢意。
26. It's a deal.一言为定
Harry: Haven't seen you for ages. Let's have a get-together next week.
Jenny: It's a deal
一切皆有可能,相信自己做到最好!

TOP

美国的州名来源




       地名志或地名研究(Toponymy)属于历史语言学范畴。历史语言学家对地名的来源作了相当的研究。美国内务部曾汇集了一批能干的语言学家,成立了专门机构,其任务是对美国的地名来源进行研究,给以准确的解释。


    在美国的地名中,一半以上始源于印第安语。其余的始源于欧洲,如纪念皇帝皇后,或某一特殊地区,还有是为纪念历史重要人物及记载历史活动的。


    由于语言和文化是休戚相关的,人们通过研究地名的始源,可以了解关于这个国家的背景。历史活动,甚至价值观。


    笔者从不同的资料汇集了美国洲名的来源,供学习研究英语、美国历史与文化的人们参考。



ALABAMA(阿拉巴马):来源于巧克陶印第安语,意思是 "thicket-clearers" 或者 "vegetation-gatherers","拓荒者"或者"打草人"。


AlASKA(阿拉斯加):来源于阿留申语,意思是"great land"或"that which the seas breaks against","伟大的土地"或"分割海的地方"。


ARIZONA(亚利桑那):来源于印第安语 "Arimnac",意思是"hule spring","小泉水"。


ARKANSAS(阿肯色):来源于印第安语,意思是"a breeze near the ground","靠近地面的微风"。


CALIFORNIA(加利福尼亚):来源于法语 "Califerne",是一部11世纪法国史诗中所想象的地方。


COLORADO(科罗拉多):来源于西班牙语,意思是"ruddy"或"red","红色的"。


CONNETICUT(康涅狄格):来源于印第安语,意思是"beside the long tidal river", "在长长的潮河旁"。


DELAWARE(德拉华):纪念托马斯·魏斯特爵士"Sir Thomas West, Lord De La Warr",德拉华河和德拉华湾也以此命名。


FRORIDA(佛罗里达):来源于西班牙语,意思是"feast flowers(Easter)","花的节日",即复活节。


GEORGIA(乔治亚):纪念英国的乔治二世皇帝。In honor of George II of England.


HAWAII(夏威夷):来源不确定。这个群岛可能是以其发现者夏威夷·罗亚(Hawaii Loa) 命名,也可能以传统的波利尼西亚人的家乡Hawaii or Hawaiki命名。


IDAHO(爱达荷):来源于印第安语,意思是:"gem of the mountains", "山中的宝石";另一种说法的意思是"Good morning""早上好"。


ILLINOIS(伊利诺):来源于印第安语加上法语后缀,意思是"tribe of superior men","贵人的土地"。


INDIANA(印第安纳):来源于印第安语,意思是:"land of Indians","印第安人的土地"。


IOWA(依阿华):来源于印第安语,意思是"the beatiful land","这块美丽的地方",另一种说法是"the sleepy ones","爱睡觉的人们"。


KANSAS(堪萨斯):来源于苏族印第安语,意思是"people of the south wind", "南风的人们"。


KENTUCKY(肯塔基):来源于易洛魁印第安语"Ken-tah-ten",意思是"land of tomorrow"or"the dark or bolldy ground","希望的土地",或"黑色的沃上"。


LOUISIANA(路易斯安那):纪念法国路易十四世皇帝,"In honor of Louis XIV fo France".


MAINE(缅因):纪念英国查理一世皇后海丽塔·玛丽亚,"Henrietta Maria, Queen fo Charles I of England"据说她拥有过法国的缅因省,"Theprovince of Mayne in France"


MARYLAND(马里兰):纪念英国查理一世皇后海丽塔·玛丽"In honor of Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I of England".


MASSACHUSETTS(麻萨诸塞):来源于印第安语,意思是"great mountain place","伟大的山地"。

MICHIGAN(密执安):来源于印第安语,意思是"great lake"or"big water","大湖"。


MINNESOTA(明尼苏达):来源于达科他印第安语,意思是"sky-tinted water","天色的水域"。


MISSISSIPPI(密西西比):来源于印第安语,意思是"father of waters","水之父"。


MISSOURI(密苏里):来源于印第安语, 意思是"town of the Large canoes","大独木舟之乡"。


MONTANA(蒙大拿):由J.M.阿西从拉丁词典中选的词,是拉丁化的西班牙语,意思不详。


NEBRASKA(内布拉斯加):来源于澳托印第安语,意思是"flat water","平川之水"。


NEVADA(内华达):来源于西班牙语,意思是"snow-capped","雪山"。


NEW HAMPSHIRE(新罕布什尔):来源于英国的罕布什尔郡,"Hampshire"。


NEW JERSEY(新泽西):来源于海峡的泽西岛,"the Channel Isle of Jersey"。


NEW MEXICO(新墨西哥):来源于墨西哥,"the country of Mexico"。


NEW YORK(纽约):纪念英国的约克公爵,"In honor of the English Duke of York"。


NORTH CAROLINA(北卡罗来纳):纪念英国的查理一世,"In honor of Charles I of England".


NORTH DAKOTA(北达科他):来源于达科他印第安语,意思是"allies"or"leagued","同盟"或"联盟"。


OHIO(俄亥俄):来源于印第安语,意思是"great river","大河"。


OKLAHOMA(俄克拉荷马):来源于巧克陶印第安语,意思是"red people","红种人"。


OREGON(俄勒冈):来源不明。人们一般认为这个名字第一次在1778年由乔那森·卡佛(Jonathan Carver)使用,取自于英国军官罗伯特·罗杰斯(Robert Rogers)之书。


PENNSYLVANIA(宾夕法尼亚):纪念维廉·宾爵士"Sir William Penn”,意思是"penn's Woodland","宾的树林"。


RHODE ISLAND(罗德岛):来源于希腊的罗德岛,"the Greek Island of Rhodes"。


SOUTH CAROLINA(南卡罗来纳):纪念英国的查理一世皇帝,"In honor of Charles I of England"。


SOUTH DAKOTA(南达科他):同北达科他。


TENNESSEE(田纳西):来源于柴罗基印第安语,意思是:"the vines of the big bend","大弯的蔓藤"。


TEXAS(德克萨斯):来源于印第安语,意思是"friends","朋友"。


UTAH(犹他):来源于犹特印第安语,意思是"people of the mountains","山里人"。


VERMONT(佛蒙特):来源于法语"vert mont",意思是"green mountain","绿山"。


VIRGINIA(佛吉尼亚):纪念伊丽莎白一世英国圣洁女皇,"In honor of Elizabeth I,'Virgin Queen' of England"。


WASHINGTON(华盛顿):纪念乔治·华盛顿,"In honor of George Washington"。


WEST VIRGINIA(西佛吉尼亚):同佛吉尼亚。


WISCONSIN(威斯康辛):法语化的印第安语,意思不详。


WYOMING(怀俄明):德拉华印第安语,意思是"mountains and valleys alternating","起伏的山谷"。
一切皆有可能,相信自己做到最好!

TOP

中国地名英译的几点注意事项


地名是历史的产物,是国家领土主权的象征,是日常生活的向导,是社会交往的媒介。在信息化社会中,地名在国际政治、经济、外交、外贸、科技、文化交流、新闻出版以及社会生活方面都起着非常重要的作用。

  用汉语拼音字母拼写中国地名,不仅是中国的统一标准,而且是国际标准,全世界都要遵照使用。根据笔者英译中国地名的体会,本文拟谈谈中国地名英译的几点注意事项,供译者和读者参考。

  一、专名是单音节的英译法专名是单音节,通名也是单音节,这时通名应视作专名的组成部分,先音译并与专名连写,后重复意译,分写(汉字带点的字是通名,英语的画线部分是音译;括号内为该地所在省、市、地区或县,下同)例如:

  1、恒山Hengshan Mountain(山西)2、淮河the Huaihe River(河南、安徽、江苏)3、巢湖the Chaohu Lake(安徽)4、渤海the Bohai Sea(辽宁、山东)5、韩江the Hanjiang River(广东)6、礼县Lixian County(甘肃陇南地区)

  二、通名专名化的英译法通名专名化主要指单音节的通名,如山、河、江、湖、海、港、峡、关、岛等,按专名处理,与专名连写,构成专名整体(汉语带点的字和英语的画线部分即为通名专名化)。例如:

  1、都江堰市Dujiangyan City(比较:the Dujiang Weir)(四川)2、绥芬河市Suifenhe City(比较:the Suifen River)(黑龙江)3、白水江自然保护区Baishuijiang Nature Reserve(比较:the baishui river)(甘肃)4、青铜峡水利枢纽Qingtongxia Water Control Project(比较:the Qingtong Gorge)(宁厦)5、武夷山自然保护区Wryishan Nature Reserve(比较:Wuyi Mountain)(福建)6、西湖区风景名胜区Scenic Spots and Historic Sites of Xihu(比较:the West lake)(浙江杭州)

  三、通名是同一个汉字的多种英译法通名是单音节的同一个汉字,根据意义有多种不同英译法,在大多数情况下,这些英译词不能互相代换。例如:

  1、山1)mount:峨眉山Mount Emei(四川峨眉)2)mountain:五台山Wutai Mountain(山西)3)hill:象鼻山the Elephant Hill(广西桂林)4)island:大屿山Lantau Island(香港)5)range:念青唐古拉山the Nyainqentanglha Range(西藏)6)peak:拉旗山Victoria Peak(香港)7)rock:狮子山Lion Rock(香港)

  2、海1)sea:东海,the East China Sea 2)lake:邛海the Qionghai Lake(四川西昌)3)horbour:大滩海Long Harbour(香港)4)port:牛尾海Port Shelter(香港)5)forest:蜀南竹海the Bamboo Forest in Southern Sichuan(四川长岭)在某些情况下,根据通名意义,不同的汉字可英译为同一个单词。例如:“江、河、川、水、溪”英译为river。

  1、嘉陵江the Jialing River(四川)2、永定河the Yongding River(河北、北京、天津)3、螳螂川the Tanglang River(云南)4、汉水the Hanshui River(陕西、湖北)5、古田溪the Gutian River(福建)

  四、专名是同一个汉字的不同英译法专名中同一个汉字有不同的读音和拼写,据笔者不完全统计,地名中这样的汉字有七八十个之多,每个字在地名中的读音和拼写是固定的,英译者不能一见汉字就按语言词典的读音和拼写翻译,而只能按中国地名词典的读音和拼写进行翻译(画线部分为该字的读音和拼写)。例如:

  1、陕西省Shaanxi Province陕县Shanxian County(河南)2、洞庭湖the Dong Lake(湖南)洪洞县Hongtong County(山西)

  3、六合县Luhe County(江苏)六盘水市Liupanshui City(贵州)

  4、荥阳市Xingyang City(河南)荥经县Yingjing County(四川雅安地区)

  5、林甸县Lindian County(黑龙江大庆市)林芝地区Nyingchi Prefecture(西藏)林周县Lhunzhub County(西藏拉萨市)米林县Mainling County(西藏林芝地区)

  6、扎赉特旗Jalaid Banner(内蒙古兴安盟)扎兰屯市Zalantun City(内蒙古呼伦贝尔盟)扎囊县Chanang County(西藏山南地区)扎龙自然保护区Zhalong Nature Reserve(黑龙江齐齐哈尔市)扎达县Zanda County(西藏阿里地区)扎陵湖the Gyaring Lake(青海)

  五、专名是同样汉字的多种英译法专名中的汉字是相同的,但表示不同的地点,每个地点的读音和拼写是固定的,应按“名从主人”的原则译写,不能按普通语言词典,而必须按中国地名词典英译。例如:

  1、浍河1)the Huihe River(河南、安徽)2)the Kuaihe River(山西)

  2、阿克乔克山1)Akqoka Mountain(新疆昭苏县)2)Akxoki Mountain (新疆塔城市)

  3、色拉寺1)the Sera Monastery(西藏拉萨市)the Sula Temple(四川色达)

  4、单城镇1)Dancheng Town(黑龙江双城县)2)Shancheng Town(山东单县)

  5、阿扎乡1)Arza Township(西藏嘉黎县)2)Ngagzha Township(西藏扎囊县)3)Ngarzhag Township(西藏浪卡子县)

  6、柏城镇1)Bocheng Town(山东高密市)2)Baicheng Town(河南西平县)

  六、中国各民族名称的罗马字母拼写法1991年8月30日,国家技术监督局批准了《中国各民族名称的罗马母拼法和代码》(GB33041),该标准适用于文献工作、拼音电报、国际通讯、出版、新闻报导、信息处理和交换等方面,当然也适用于英译。

  特别值得一提的是,虽然汉字书写的民族名称有“族”字,但罗马字母拼写法无“zu”字的拼写,英译照抄,首字母大写(见附录:中国各民族名犯法的罗马字母拼写法)。例如:

  1、双江拉祜族佤族布朗族傣族自治县Lahu-Va-Blang-Dai Autonomous County of Shuangjiang(云南临沧地区)2、贡山独龙族怒族自治县Derung-Nu Autonomous County Gongshan(西南怒江)

  3、湘西土家族苗族自治州Tujia-Miao Autonomous Prefecture of Xinangxi(湖南)

  4、金秀瑶族自治县Yao Autonomous County of Jinxiu(广西柳州地区)

  此外,朝族和藏族的罗马字母拼写法,对外分别使用Korean和Tibetan例如:

  5、延边朝鲜族自治州Korean Autonomous Prefecture of Yanbian(吉林)

  6、甘孜藏族自治州Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Garze(四川)

  需要指出的是,如果专指“XX族”通常就要译出“族”字。例如:回族the Hui nationality(或the Huis)彝族the Yi nationality(或the Yis)藏族the Zang (Tibetan) nationality(或the Zangs, the Tibetans)但是,如果作形容词修饰名词,则又可省略“族”字。例如:维吾尔族医学Uygur medicine彝族人the Yi people七、以人名命名的地名英译法以人名命名的地名英译,人名的姓和名连写,人名必须位置,通名后置,不加定冠词。这种译法多用于自然地理实全地名,但有例外。例如:

  1、张广才岭Zhangguangcai Mountain(吉林、黑龙江)2、欧阳海水库存Ouyanghai Reservoir(湖南桂阳)3、郑和群礁Zhenghe Reefs(湖南南沙群岛)4、李准滩Lizhun Bank(海南南沙群岛)5、鲁班暗沙(海南中沙群岛)6、左权县(山西晋中地区)7、武则天明堂(河南洛阳)

  如果以人名命名的非自然地理实体地名,姓和名分写,人名前置或后置按习惯用法,大致有以下三种译法:

  1、人名+通名黄继光纪念馆Huang Jiguang Memorial(四川中江县)

  2、人名’S+通名中山陵墓Sun Yat-sen’s Mausoleum(江苏南京市)

  3、the+通名+of人名昭君墓the Tomb of Wang Zhaojun(内蒙古呼和浩特市)

  八、少数民族语地名的记音用加符字母地名记音的时个符号可以加在特定的字母上面,代表特殊语音。蒙古语、维吉尔语和藏语音译转写的汉语拼音字母有无符和加符并列的,一般拼写用无符字母,地名记音用加符字母。例如:

  乌鲁木齐市Urumqi City(新疆)巩乃斯河Kunse River(新疆新源)察隅县Zayu County(西藏林芝地区)改则县Gerze County(西藏阿里地区)德格县Dege County(四川甘孜)甘德县Gade County(青海果洛)

  九、地名中的符事情不能省略地名中的符号如果省略就会造成读音甚至语义错误。地名中有两种符号不能省略。

  I,a,o,e开头的音节连接在其他音节后面的时候,如果音节的界限易生混淆,用隔音符号,地名中的隔音符号不能省略。例如:

  1)(陕西)西安市Xi’an City(如果省略隔音符号,就成为Xian,可以读成仙、先、现、限、鲜、险、县等)

  2)(广西)兴安县Xing’an County(如果省略隔音符号,就成为Xingan County新干县,在江西吉安地区)

  3)建瓯市Jian’ou City(福建)4)第二松花江the Di’er Songhua River(吉林)5)东阿县Dong’e County(山东聊城市)6)天峨县Tian’e County(广西河池地区)

  II、汉语拼音U行的韵母跟声母n,l拼的时候,U上面的两点不能省略。如果省略,就会造成误解。例如:

  1、(山西)闾河the Luhe River(如果省略U上面的两点,就变成the Luhe River芦河、在江西)

  2、(台湾)绿岛Ludao Island(如果省略U上面的两点,就变成Ludao Island鹭岛,在黑龙江海林)

  3、女山湖the Nushan Lake(安徽嘉山)4、吕梁地区Luliang Prefecture(山西)5、旅顺港Lushun Port(辽宁)

  但是也有例外。例如:绿春县Luchun County(云南红河)绿曲县Luqu County
一切皆有可能,相信自己做到最好!

TOP

关于球类的词汇


中圈 kick-off circle
禁区 penalty zone
端线 goal line
球门区 goal area
球门柱 goal-post
球门网 goal net
篮球比赛用语

球场 playing court 分位线 lane place line
篮球 basketball 罚球线 free throw line
边线 side line 罚球区 free throw lane
中线 center line 三分线 three point line
端线 end line 限制区 restricted area
界线 boundary line 位置区 lane place
前场 front court 中立区 neutral zone
中场 mid court 球队席 team bench
后场 back court 篮架支柱 basket post
中圈 centre circle 用过的球 used ball
篮圈 ring 本方球篮 own basket
篮网 net 对方球篮 opponet's basket
篮板 backboard 犯规次数牌 foul markers
球篮 basket 全队犯规标志team foul marker
篮架 basket support 替补队员席 substitude bench
开表 game clock 技术设备 technical equipment
停表 stop the clock 球队席区域 team bench areas
哨 whistle
球场面积 dimension of the court
三分投篮区 three-point field goal areas

排球比赛用语

排球场地volleyball court
一方场区 court
对方场区 opponent's court
发球区 service area
进攻线 attack line
裁判台 official's tribune
标志杆 vertical rod
端线 back line
后区 back zone
进攻区 attack zone

乒乓球比赛用语

远台 back court 台的边缘 edge of table
中台 middle court 球台端线 front edge of table
近台 short court (球台)中区 centre zone
中线 center (球台)近网区 net zone
台角 corner of table 接球员的左半区 receiver's left half court
网柱 pole 接球员的右半区 receiver's right half court
全台 full court 底线区 goal zone

羽毛球比赛用语

羽毛球 badminton 右发球区 right service court
发球区 half court 前发球场 short service line
左场区 left square 单打球场 singles court
右场区 right square 双打球场 doubles court
反手区 backhand court 双打发球线 doubles service line
中线 midcourt line 双打发球区 doubles service court
边线 side boundary 单打发球区 singles service court
端线 backcourt boundary 单双打边线之间地带 side alley
单双打两用球场 combination court

中国体育组织

国家体育总局State Sport General Administration
中华全国体育总会 All-China Sports Federation
中国奥林匹克委员会 Chinese Olympic Committee
中国田径协会 Chinese Athletics Association
中国足球协会 Chinese Football Association
中国篮球协会 Chinese Basketball Association
中国排球协会 Chinese Volleyball Association
中国游泳协会 Chinesemming Association
中国网球协会 Chinese Tennis Association
中国桥牌协会 Chinese Bridge Association
中国武术协会 Chinese Wushu Association
中国乒乓球协会 Chinese Table-tennis Association
中国羽毛球协会 Chinese Badminton Association
中国滑冰协会 Chinese Skating Association
中国自行车协会 Chinese Cycling Association
中国健美*协会 Chinese Aerobic Association
中国柔道协会 Chinese Judo Association
中国拳击协会 Chinese Boxing Association
体育设施标准管理办公室 Sports Facilities Standard Authority
一切皆有可能,相信自己做到最好!

TOP

如何与难对付的老板相处


A difficult or abusive boss can poison the best of jobs. But you are not powerless; before you even consider quitting, try the boss-taming strategies below.

一个难缠或喜欢滥用权力的老板可能会将好端端的工作搞砸。但你并不是完全无能为力的;在你考虑不干之前,不妨试一试下面几种对付老板的策略:

CHANGE YOUR OWN WAY Few people are randomly violent. They blow up on particular occasions over particular issues. Track your boss's peeves and patterns, then eliminate the triggers within your control. For example, if he snarls when you arrive just five minutes late to work or make one typo on a memo, avoid these slipups no matter how trivial they seem. If one of your coworkers manages your boss's moods skillfully, ask him what you could be doing more effectively, then borrow a few of his moves.

改变你自己的办事方式 很少有人是随意发火的。他们一般是在特定场合因特定的事而发作的。你要摸清你的老板的脾气,并尽可能消除隐患。比如,他为了你上班仅迟到5分钟或打错了一个字便大发雷霆,那么你就要尽量避免这类疏忽,不论它们看起来多么微不足道。如果你的某位同事善于应付老板的情绪,那你就向他请教一下你怎么做才能更为有效,不妨借用他的一些手段。

STAY COOL UNDER FIRE Respond to the content of your boss's tirade, not the curses. Whatever you do, don't cower, stammer or apologize. Some people get off on brutalizing others, and passivity makes you a target. Respond confidently: Say "I'd like to put together a report that will satisfy you. Let's discuss how I can make that happen.

在盛怒下保持冷静 只可回应你老板所责骂的事,而不回应他的恶言恶语。不论怎样,都不要畏缩、支吾或抱歉。有些人自认为可以对他人蛮横,而逆来顺受就会使你成为其目标。你要自信地回应说:“我想准备一份令你满意的报告。让我们谈谈我怎么做为好吧。”

USE CONSTRUCTIVE CONFRONTATION Your boss may be more willing to change his behavior than you think. Some managers don't realize how much their words or actions upset staffers. Tell him how his outbursts make you feel. Say for example, When you call me names and criticize my work in meetings I feel demoralized Please address me respectfully and take me aside to discuss criticisms in private. If he values your work, he may rein in his abusiveness.

采用建设性的对抗方式 你的老板可能比你所想象的更乐于改变其态度。有些经理并没有认识到他们的盲行使下属感到多么不快。可以告诉他你对他发怒的感受。比如说:“当你在会议上责骂我,批评我的工作时,我感到很沮丧。请尊重我,把我叫到一边私下里提出你的批评。”如果他看重你的工作,他会对自己的谩骂有所收敛的。

APPEAL TO A HIGHER AUTHORITY If your boss becomes intolerably abusive, you may have to go above his head to your personnel department or senior manager. But before you take this course, discreetly, ask coworkers if they've clashed with your boss in the past. Ideally, they will back you up and permit you to mention their names when you make your charges. That way, you can bring a pattern of behavior to management's attention. Begin by asking, “Can I have a discussion with you off the record?" Then cite examples that show how your boss's treatment negatively affects your performance. Make it clear that you want to improve the situation, not punish your boss. If discipline is what he needs, let the higher-ups make that call.

诉诸更高的上级 如果你的老板滥用权力到了令人难以容忍的地步,你就得越过他直接找人事部门或高级经理了。但在你采取这一步骤之前,要谨慎地询问一下同事,他们是否过去也与你的老板有过冲突。他们可能会支持你并且允许你在上告时提到他们的名字。这样你就可以提请公司主管注意你老板的不当行为。你可以这样发问:“我能和你作一次非正式的谈话吗?”然后举例说明你上司的作法如何影响你的工作。你要表明你想改进现状,而非惩罚你的老板。如果你的老板需要纪律约束的话,那就让上级打电话通知他吧.
一切皆有可能,相信自己做到最好!

TOP

绅士的基本品质



He never tells anyone, no matter who, what his wife told him in confidence, or describes what she looks like in her bed room.

他从不把他夫人对他说的知心话告诉任何人,不管是谁,或向别人描述他夫人在卧室里的模样。

He never criticizes in public the behavior of a wife whose conduct is scandalous. What he says to her in the privacy of their own apartments is no one’s affair but his own, but he must never treat her with disrespect before their children, or a servant, or any one. No matter who he may be, whether rich or poor, in high life or low, the man who publicly besmirches his wife’s name, besmirches still more his own, and proves that he is not, was not, and never will be, a gentleman.

他从不公开批评行为不体面的妻子。他在家里私下对他妻子说什么,这纯属他个人的事情,但他不能在孩子、仆人或别人面前对妻子不尊敬。一个人不论贫富贵贱,公开丑化他的妻子时其实更丑化了自己,并且证明他现在不是,过去不是,将来也不可能是个绅士。

He never discusses his family affairs either in public or with acquaintances, nor does he speak more than casually about his wife.

他从不在公开场合或与熟人谈论他的家庭琐事,谈论他的妻子时也只是漫不经心地。

He does not lose control of his temper easily. In fact, in his own self-control under difficult or dangerous circumstances, lies his chief ascendancy over others who impulsively betray every emotion which animates them.

他不轻易失去自我控制。事实上,在艰难或危险的情形中表现出来的自我控制力,正是他超越那些为各种情绪而冲动的人之处。

He never takes advantage of another’s helplessness or ignorance, and assumes that no gentleman will take advantage of him.

绅士从不利用他人的无助和无知占便宜,而且认为凡是绅士也都不会占他的便宜。

He never takes advantage of a woman in a business dealing, nor of the poor or the helpless.

在生意上,他从不欺负女人、穷人和无助的人。

0ne who is not well off does not "sponge”, but pays his own way to the utmost of his ability. 0ne who is rich does not make a display of his money or his possessions. 0nly a vulgarian talks ceaselessly about how much this or that cost him.

如果他不富裕的话,他不坑蒙拐骗,而是量入为出;如果他富有的话,他从不炫耀他的金钱或财富。只有暴发户才会喋喋不休地谈论这个或那个花了他多少钱。
一切皆有可能,相信自己做到最好!

TOP

发新话题
最字资讯